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·â×°¾ÍÊǰÑÊý¾ÝºÍ·½·¨´ò°üµ½Ò»¸öÀàÀïÃæ¡£ÆäʵCÓïÑÔ±à³ÌÕßÓ¦¸Ã¶¼ÒѾ½Ó´¥¹ýÁË£¬C ±ê×¼¿â
ÖÐµÄ fopen(), fclose(), fread(), fwrite()µÈº¯ÊýµÄ²Ù×÷¶ÔÏó¾ÍÊÇ
FILE¡£Êý¾ÝÄÚÈݾÍÊÇ FILE£¬Êý¾ÝµÄ¶Áд²Ù×÷¾ÍÊÇ fread()¡¢fwrite()£¬fopen()
Àà±ÈÓÚ¹¹Ô캯Êý£¬fclose() ¾ÍÊÇÎö¹¹º¯Êý¡£Õâ¸ö¿´ÆðÀ´ËƺõºÜºÃÀí½â£¬ÄÇÏÂÃæÎÒÃÇʵÏÖһϻù±¾µÄ·â×°ÌØÐÔ¡£
#ifndef SHAPE_H
#define SHAPE_H
#include <stdint.h> // Shape µÄÊôÐÔ
typedef struct {
int16_t x;
int16_t y;
} Shape; // Shape µÄ²Ù×÷º¯Êý£¬½Ó¿Úº¯Êý
void Shape_ctor (Shape * const me, int16_t x,
int16_t y);
void Shape_moveBy (Shape * const me, int16_t
dx, int16_t dy);
int16_t Shape_getX (Shape const * const me);
int16_t Shape_getY (Shape const * const me); #endif /* SHAPE_H */ |
ÕâÊÇ Shape ÀàµÄÉùÃ÷£¬·Ç³£¼òµ¥£¬ºÜºÃÀí½â¡£Ò»°ã»á°ÑÉùÃ÷·Åµ½Í·ÎļþÀïÃæ ¡°Shape.h¡±¡£
À´¿´Ï Shape ÀàÏà¹ØµÄ¶¨Ò壬µ±È»ÊÇÔÚ ¡°Shape.c¡± ÀïÃæ¡£
#include "shape.h" // ¹¹Ô캯Êý
void Shape_ctor (Shape * const me, int16_t x,
int16_t y)
{
me->x = x;
me->y = y;
} void Shape_moveBy (Shape * const me, int16_t
dx, int16_t dy)
{
me->x += dx;
me->y += dy;
} // »ñÈ¡ÊôÐÔÖµº¯Êý
int16_t Shape_getX(Shape const * const me)
{
return me->x;
}
int16_t Shape_getY(Shape const * const me)
{
return me->y;
} |
ÔÙ¿´ÏÂ main.c
#include "shape.h"
/* Shape class interface */
#include <stdio.h> /* for printf() */ int main()
{
Shape s1, s2; /* multiple instances of Shape
*/ Shape_ctor(&s1, 0, 1);
Shape_ctor(&s2, -1, 2); printf ("Shape s1(x=%d,y=%d)\n",
Shape_getX(&s1), Shape_getY(&s1));
printf ("Shape s2(x=%d,y=%d)\n", Shape_getX(&s2),
Shape_getY(&s2)); Shape_moveBy(&s1, 2, -4);
Shape_moveBy(&s2, 1, -2); printf (" Shape s1(x=%d,y=%d)\n",
Shape_getX(&s1), Shape_getY(&s1));
printf("Shape s2(x=%d,y=%d)\n", Shape_getX(&s2),
Shape_getY(&s2)); return 0;
} |
±àÒëÖ®ºó£¬¿´¿´Ö´Ðнá¹û£º
Shape s1(x=0,y=1)
Shape s2(x=-1,y=2)
Shape s1(x=2,y=-3)
Shape s2(x=0,y=0)
|
Õû¸öÀý×Ó£¬·Ç³£¼òµ¥£¬·Ç³£ºÃÀí½â¡£ÒÔºóд´úÂëʱºò£¬Òª¶àÈ¥ÏëÏë±ê×¼¿âµÄÎļþIO²Ù×÷£¬ÕâÑùÒ²ÓÐÒâʶµÄÈ¥ÅàÑøÃæÏò¶ÔÏó±à³ÌµÄ˼ά¡£
3¡¢¼Ì³Ð
¼Ì³Ð¾ÍÊÇ»ùÓÚÏÖÓеÄÒ»¸öÀàÈ¥¶¨ÒåÒ»¸öÐÂÀ࣬ÕâÑùÓÐÖúÓÚÖØÓôúÂ룬¸üºÃµÄ×éÖ¯´úÂë¡£ÔÚ C ÓïÑÔÀïÃæ£¬È¥ÊµÏÖµ¥¼Ì³ÐÒ²·Ç³£¼òµ¥£¬Ö»Òª°Ñ»ùÀà·Åµ½¼Ì³ÐÀàµÄµÚÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý³ÉÔ±µÄλÖþÍÐÐÁË¡£
ÀýÈ磬ÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚÒª´´½¨Ò»¸ö Rectangle À࣬ÎÒÃÇÖ»Òª¼Ì³Ð Shape ÀàÒѾ´æÔÚµÄÊôÐԺͲÙ×÷£¬ÔÙÌí¼Ó²»Í¬ÓÚ
Shape µÄÊôÐԺͲÙ×÷µ½ Rectangle ÖС£
ÏÂÃæÊÇ Rectangle µÄÉùÃ÷Ó붨Ò壺
#ifndef RECT_H
#define RECT_H #include "shape.h" // »ùÀà½Ó¿Ú // ¾ØÐεÄÊôÐÔ
typedef struct {
Shape super; // ¼Ì³Ð Shape // ×Ô¼ºµÄÊôÐÔ
uint16_t width;
uint16_t height;
} Rectangle; // ¹¹Ô캯Êý
void Rectangle_ctor (Rectangle * const me, int16_t
x, int16_t y,
uint16_t width, uint16_t height); #endif /* RECT_H */ |
#include "rect.h" // ¹¹Ô캯Êý
void Rectangle_ctor(Rectangle * const me, int16_t
x, int16_t y,
uint16_t width, uint16_t height)
{
/* first call superclass¡¯ ctor */
Shape_ctor(&me->super, x, y); /* next, you initialize the attributes added
by this subclass... */
me->width = width;
me->height = height;
} |
ÎÒÃÇÀ´¿´Ò»Ï Rectangle µÄ¼Ì³Ð¹ØÏµºÍÄÚ´æ²¼¾Ö

ÒòΪÓÐÕâÑùµÄÄÚ´æ²¼¾Ö£¬ËùÒÔÄã¿ÉÒԺܰ²È«µÄ´«Ò»¸öÖ¸Ïò Rectangle
¶ÔÏóµÄÖ¸Õëµ½Ò»¸öÆÚÍû´«Èë Shape ¶ÔÏóµÄÖ¸ÕëµÄº¯ÊýÖУ¬¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸öº¯ÊýµÄ²ÎÊýÊÇ ¡°Shape *¡±£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ´«Èë
¡°Rectangle *¡±£¬²¢ÇÒÕâÊǷdz£°²È«µÄ¡£ÕâÑùµÄ»°£¬»ùÀàµÄËùÓÐÊôÐԺͷ½·¨¶¼¿ÉÒÔ±»¼Ì³ÐÀà¼Ì³Ð£¡
#include "rect.h"
#include <stdio.h> int main()
{
Rectangle r1, r2; // ʵÀý»¯¶ÔÏó
Rectangle_ctor(&r1, 0, 2, 10, 15);
Rectangle_ctor(&r2, -1, 3, 5, 8); printf("Rect r1(x=%d,y=%d,width=%d,height=%d)\n",
Shape_getX(&r1.super), Shape_getY(&r1.super),
r1.width, r1.height);
printf("Rect r2(x=%d,y=%d,width=%d,height=%d)\n",
Shape_getX(&r2.super), Shape_getY(&r2.super),
r2.width, r2.height); // ×¢Ò⣬ÕâÀïÓÐÁ½ÖÖ·½Ê½£¬Ò»ÊÇǿתÀàÐÍ£¬¶þÊÇÖ±½ÓʹÓóÉÔ±µØÖ·
Shape_moveBy((Shape *)&r1, -2, 3);
Shape_moveBy(&r2.super, 2, -1); printf("Rect r1(x=%d,y=%d,width=%d,height=%d)\n",
Shape_getX(&r1.super), Shape_getY(&r1.super),
r1.width, r1.height);
printf("Rect r2(x=%d,y=%d,width=%d,height=%d)\n",
Shape_getX(&r2.super), Shape_getY(&r2.super),
r2.width, r2.height); return 0;
} |
Êä³ö½á¹û£º
Rect r1(x=0,y=2,width=10,height=15)
Rect r2(x=-1,y=3,width=5,height=8)
Rect r1(x=-2,y=5,width=10,height=15)
Rect r2(x=1,y=2,width=5,height=8)
|
4¡¢¶à̬
C++ ÓïÑÔʵÏÖ¶à̬¾ÍÊÇʹÓÃÐ麯Êý¡£ÔÚ C ÓïÑÔÀïÃæ£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔʵÏÖ¶à̬¡£
ÏÖÔÚ£¬ÎÒÃÇÓÖÒªÔö¼ÓÒ»¸öÔ²ÐΣ¬²¢ÇÒÔÚ Shape ÒªÀ©Õ¹¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÎÒÃÇÒªÔö¼Ó area() ºÍ draw()
º¯Êý¡£µ«ÊÇ Shape Ï൱ÓÚ³éÏóÀ࣬²»ÖªµÀÔõôȥ¼ÆËã×Ô¼ºµÄÃæ»ý£¬¸ü²»ÖªµÀÔõôȥ»³öÀ´×Ô¼º¡£¶øÇÒ£¬¾ØÐκÍÔ²ÐεÄÃæ»ý¼ÆË㷽ʽºÍ¼¸ºÎͼÏñÒ²ÊDz»Ò»ÑùµÄ¡£
ÏÂÃæÈÃÎÒÃÇÖØÐÂÉùÃ÷һϠShape Àà
#ifndef SHAPE_H
#define SHAPE_H #include <stdint.h> struct ShapeVtbl;
// Shape µÄÊôÐÔ
typedef struct {
struct ShapeVtbl const *vptr;
int16_t x;
int16_t y;
} Shape; // Shape µÄÐé±í
struct ShapeVtbl {
uint32_t (*area)(Shape const * const me);
void (*draw)(Shape const * const me);
}; // Shape µÄ²Ù×÷º¯Êý£¬½Ó¿Úº¯Êý
void Shape_ctor (Shape * const me, int16_t x,
int16_t y);
void Shape_moveBy (Shape * const me, int16_t
dx, int16_t dy);
int16_t Shape_getX (Shape const * const me);
int16_t Shape_getY (Shape const * const me); static inline uint32_t Shape_area(Shape const
* const me)
{
return (*me->vptr->area)(me);
} static inline void Shape_draw (Shape const
* const me)
{
(*me->vptr->draw)(me);
}
Shape const *largestShape (Shape const *shapes[],
uint32_t nShapes);
void drawAllShapes (Shape const *shapes[], uint32_t
nShapes); #endif /* SHAPE_H */ |
¿´Ï¼ÓÉÏÐ麯ÊýÖ®ºóµÄÀà¹ØÏµÍ¼

4.1 Ðé±íºÍÐéÖ¸Õë
Ðé±í£¨Virtual Table£©ÊÇÕâ¸öÀàËùÓÐÐ麯ÊýµÄº¯ÊýÖ¸ÕëµÄ¼¯ºÏ¡£
ÐéÖ¸Õ루Virtual Pointer£©ÊÇÒ»¸öÖ¸ÏòÐé±íµÄÖ¸Õë¡£Õâ¸öÐéÖ¸Õë±ØÐë´æÔÚÓÚÿ¸ö¶ÔÏóʵÀýÖУ¬»á±»ËùÓÐ×ÓÀà¼Ì³Ð¡£
ÔÚ¡¶Inside The C++ Object Model¡·µÄµÚÒ»ÕÂÄÚÈÝÖУ¬ÓÐÕâЩ½éÉÜ¡£
4.2 ÔÚ¹¹Ô캯ÊýÖÐÉèÖÃvptr
ÔÚÿһ¸ö¶ÔÏóʵÀýÖУ¬vptr ±ØÐë±»³õʼ»¯Ö¸ÏòÆä vtbl¡£×îºÃµÄ³õʼ»¯Î»ÖþÍÊÇÔÚÀàµÄ¹¹Ô캯ÊýÖС£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÔÚ¹¹Ô캯ÊýÖУ¬C++
±àÒëÆ÷ÒþʽµÄ´´½¨ÁËÒ»¸ö³õʼ»¯µÄvptr¡£ÔÚ C ÓïÑÔÀïÃæ£¬ ÎÒÃDZØÐëÏÔʾµÄ³õʼ»¯vptr¡£
ÏÂÃæ¾ÍչʾһÏ£¬ÔÚ Shape µÄ¹¹Ô캯ÊýÀïÃæ£¬ÈçºÎÈ¥³õʼ»¯Õâ¸ö vptr¡£
#include "shape.h"
#include <assert.h> // Shape µÄÐ麯Êý
static uint32_t Shape_area_(Shape const * const
me);
static void Shape_draw_(Shape const * const
me); // ¹¹Ô캯Êý
void Shape_ctor(Shape * const me, int16_t x,
int16_t y)
{
// Shape ÀàµÄÐé±í
static struct ShapeVtbl const vtbl =
{
&Shape_area_,
&Shape_draw_
};
me->vptr = &vtbl;
me->x = x;
me->y = y;
}
void Shape_moveBy(Shape * const me, int16_t
dx, int16_t dy)
{
me->x += dx;
me->y += dy;
}
int16_t Shape_getX(Shape const * const me)
{
return me->x;
}
int16_t Shape_getY(Shape const * const me)
{
return me->y;
} // Shape ÀàµÄÐ麯ÊýʵÏÖ
static uint32_t Shape_area_(Shape const * const
me)
{
assert(0); // ÀàËÆ´¿Ð麯Êý
return 0U; // ±ÜÃ⾯¸æ
} static void Shape_draw_(Shape const * const
me)
{
assert(0); // ´¿Ð麯Êý²»Äܱ»µ÷ÓÃ
}
Shape const *largestShape (Shape const *shapes[],
uint32_t nShapes)
{
Shape const *s = (Shape *)0;
uint32_t max = 0U;
uint32_t i;
for (i = 0U; i < nShapes; ++i)
{
uint32_t area = Shape_area(shapes[i]);// Ð麯Êýµ÷ÓÃ
if (area > max)
{
max = area;
s = shapes[i];
}
}
return s;
}
void drawAllShapes (Shape const *shapes[], uint32_t
nShapes)
{
uint32_t i;
for (i = 0U; i < nShapes; ++i)
{
Shape_draw(shapes[i]); // Ð麯Êýµ÷ÓÃ
}
} |
×¢ÊͱȽÏÇåÎú£¬ÕâÀï²»ÔÙ¶à×ö½âÊÍ¡£
4.3 ¼Ì³Ð vtbl ºÍ ÖØÔØ vptr
ÉÏÃæÒѾÌáµ½¹ý£¬»ùÀà°üº¬ vptr£¬×ÓÀà»á×Ô¶¯¼Ì³Ð¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬vptr
ÐèÒª±»×ÓÀàµÄÐé±íÖØÐ¸³Öµ¡£²¢ÇÒ£¬ÕâÒ²±ØÐë·¢ÉúÔÚ×ÓÀàµÄ¹¹Ô캯ÊýÖС£ÏÂÃæÊÇ Rectangle µÄ¹¹Ô캯Êý¡£
#include "rect.h"
#include <stdio.h> // Rectangle Ð麯Êý
static uint32_t Rectangle_area_ (Shape const
* const me);
static void Rectangle_draw_(Shape const * const
me); // ¹¹Ô캯Êý
void Rectangle_ctor (Rectangle * const me, int16_t
x, int16_t y,
uint16_t width, uint16_t height)
{
static struct ShapeVtbl const vtbl =
{
&Rectangle_area_,
&Rectangle_draw_
};
Shape_ctor(&me->super, x, y); // µ÷ÓûùÀàµÄ¹¹Ô캯Êý
me->super.vptr = &vtbl; // ÖØÔØ vptr
me->width = width;
me->height = height;
} // Rectangle's Ð麯ÊýʵÏÖ
static uint32_t Rectangle_area_ (Shape const
* const me)
{
Rectangle const * const me_ = (Rectangle const
*)me; //ÏÔʾµÄת»»
return (uint32_t)me_->width * (uint32_t)me_->height;
} static void Rectangle_draw_ (Shape const * const
me)
{
Rectangle const * const me_ = (Rectangle const
*)me; //ÏÔʾµÄת»»
printf("Rectangle_draw_ (x=%d,y=%d,width=%d,height=%d)\n",
Shape_getX(me), Shape_getY(me), me_->width,
me_->height);
} |
4.4 Ð麯Êýµ÷ÓÃ
ÓÐÁËÇ°ÃæÐé±í£¨Virtual Tables£©ºÍÐéÖ¸Õ루Virtual
Pointers£©µÄ»ù´¡ÊµÏÖ£¬ÐéÄâµ÷Ó㨺óÆÚ°ó¶¨£©¾Í¿ÉÒÔÓÃÏÂÃæ´úÂëʵÏÖÁË¡£
uint32_t Shape_area(Shape
const * const me)
{
return (*me->vptr->area)(me);
}
|
Õâ¸öº¯Êý¿ÉÒԷŵ½.cÎļþÀïÃæ£¬µ«ÊÇ»á´øÀ´Ò»¸öȱµã¾ÍÊÇÿ¸öÐéÄâµ÷Óö¼ÓжîÍâµÄµ÷ÓÿªÏú¡£ÎªÁ˱ÜÃâÕâ¸öȱµã£¬Èç¹û±àÒëÆ÷Ö§³ÖÄÚÁªº¯Êý£¨C99£©¡£ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒ԰Ѷ¨Òå·Åµ½Í·ÎļþÀïÃæ£¬ÀàËÆÏÂÃæ£º
static inline
uint32_t Shape_area (Shape const * const me)
{
return (*me->vptr->area)(me);
} |
Èç¹ûÊÇÀÏÒ»µãµÄ±àÒëÆ÷£¨C89£©£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓú꺯ÊýÀ´ÊµÏÖ£¬ÀàËÆÏÂÃæÕâÑù£º
#define Shape_area(me_)
((*(me_)->vptr->area)((me_))) |
¿´Ò»ÏÂÀý×ÓÖеĵ÷ÓûúÖÆ£º

4.5 main.c
#include "rect.h"
#include "circle.h"
#include <stdio.h> int main()
{
Rectangle r1, r2;
Circle c1, c2;
Shape const *shapes[] =
{
&c1.super,
&r2.super,
&c2.super,
&r1.super
};
Shape const *s; // ʵÀý»¯¾ØÐζÔÏó
Rectangle_ctor(&r1, 0, 2, 10, 15);
Rectangle_ctor(&r2, -1, 3, 5, 8); // ʵÀý»¯Ô²ÐζÔÏó
Circle_ctor(&c1, 1, -2, 12);
Circle_ctor(&c2, 1, -3, 6); s = largestShape (shapes, sizeof(shapes) /sizeof(shapes[0]));
printf ("largetsShape s(x=%d,y=%d)\n",
Shape_getX(s), Shape_getY(s)); drawAllShapes (shapes, sizeof(shapes) /sizeof(shapes[0])); return 0;
} |
Êä³ö½á¹û£º
largetsShape
s(x=1,y=-2)
Circle_draw_ (x=1,y=-2,rad=12)
Rectangle_draw_ (x=-1,y=3,width=5,height=8)
Circle_draw_ (x=1,y=-3,rad=6)
Rectangle_draw_ (x=0,y=2,width=10,height=15)
|
5¡¢×ܽá
»¹ÊÇÄǾ仰£¬ÃæÏò¶ÔÏó±à³ÌÊÇÒ»ÖÖ·½·¨£¬²¢²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚijһÖÖ±à³ÌÓïÑÔ¡£Óà C ÓïÑÔʵÏÖ·â×°¡¢µ¥¼Ì³Ð£¬Àí½âºÍʵÏÖÆðÀ´±È½Ï¼òµ¥£¬¶à̬·´¶ø»áÉÔ΢¸´ÔÓÒ»µã£¬Èç¹û´òËã¹ã·ºµÄʹÓöà̬£¬»¹ÊÇÍÆ¼öתµ½
C++ ÓïÑÔÉÏ£¬±Ï¾¹Õâ²ã¸´ÔÓÐÔ±»Õâ¸öÓïÑÔ¸ø·â×°ÁË£¬ÄãÖ»ÐèÒª¼òµ¥µÄʹÓþÍÐÐÁË¡£µ«²¢²»´ú±í£¬C ÓïÑÔʵÏÖ²»Á˶à̬Õâ¸öÌØÐÔ¡£
Óà C ÓïÑÔʵÏÖÃæÏò¶ÔÏó±à³Ì£¬¼òֱ̫ Skr ÁË! |